Rilke

The passive: when the action matters more than the person

In news items, house rules and formal letters you meet the passive all the time — and so in the reading and listening texts of the exam too. It is always built the same way.

Updated 16 October 2026 · 5 min read · Rilke editorial team

Active or passive?

The active focuses on who does something: Der Hausmeister repariert die Heizung. — The caretaker is repairing the heating. The passive focuses on what happens: Die Heizung wird repariert. — The heating is being repaired. Who does it is unknown, unimportant or obvious — which is why the person is usually left out.

The accusative object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one:

ActivePassive
{deDer Hausmeister repariert die Heizung.}{deDie Heizung wird repariert.}
{deMan öffnet den Laden um neun.}{deDer Laden wird um neun geöffnet.}

The forms: werden + past participle

German builds the passive with werden — not with sein, as English does with to be — plus the past participle at the end of the sentence.

TenseExample
present{deDie Heizung wird repariert.}
simple past{deDie Heizung wurde repariert.}
perfect{deDie Heizung ist repariert worden.}
past perfect{deDie Heizung war repariert worden.}

In the passive perfect it is worden, not geworden. Geworden only appears when werden stands alone: Er ist Arzt geworden. — He became a doctor.

Passive with modal verbs

Rules, notices and instructions often combine the passive with a modal verb. The pattern: modal verb + past participle + werden (infinitive) at the end.

You will find sentences like these in almost every set of house rules and every course notice — and therefore in the exam's reading texts.

Who does it? von and durch

If you do want to name the person, use von + dative (English by). For a means or a cause, durch + accusative is common.

Passive without a subject

Verbs without an accusative object can form a passive too. Then there is no subject, and the sentence simply says that something is going on:

If nothing else stands in position 1, es fills the slot: Es wird getanzt.

Process or state?

Besides the passive with werden there is the "state passive" with sein. It describes the result:

In a subordinate clause

In a subordinate clause the conjugated verb goes last, everything else before it:

Typical mistakes

Die Heizung ist repariert geworden. → Die Heizung ist repariert worden.

Das Formular muss ausfüllen werden. → Das Formular muss ausgefüllt werden.

Die Pakete wird morgen geliefert. → Die Pakete werden morgen geliefert. (plural!)

Die Rechnung wurde von mir bezahlen. → Die Rechnung wurde von mir bezahlt.

Exercise: make it passive

Turn the sentences into the passive and keep the tense. The answers are below.

Exercise

  1. Man repariert die Straße.
  2. Man hat das Paket gestern abgeschickt.
  3. Man muss das Formular unterschreiben.
  4. Der Arzt untersuchte den Patienten.
  5. Man darf hier nicht parken.
  6. Die Firma lädt alle Mitarbeiter ein.
Show the answers
  1. Die Straße wird repariert.
  2. Das Paket ist gestern abgeschickt worden.
  3. Das Formular muss unterschrieben werden.
  4. Der Patient wurde vom Arzt untersucht.
  5. Hier darf nicht geparkt werden.
  6. Alle Mitarbeiter werden von der Firma eingeladen.

And in the exam?

At B1 you rarely have to write the passive yourself — but you have to recognise it constantly: in news items in Lesen, in announcements in Hören (Der Zug wird in wenigen Minuten bereitgestellt), in rules and adverts. From B2 it helps your formal writing: Leider wurde mir das falsche Gerät geliefert sounds more matter-of-fact than an accusation. Know the passive well and you read faster and write more formally.

The passive has two topics in the Grammatik module of the Rilke app: present and simple past at B1, every tense and the modal verbs at B2.

Practise in the exam format

Tasks as in the exam, marked against the exam's own criteria — in your browser or in the app. Grammar, vocabulary, reading and listening are free.

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