Rilke

Relative clauses: saying exactly who or what you mean

Der Kollege, der mir immer hilft. Die Wohnung, die wir gefunden haben. Relative clauses describe people and things more precisely — your sentences get longer without getting unclear.

Updated 16 October 2026 · 4 min read · Rilke editorial team

What a relative clause does

A relative clause describes a noun more precisely — like English who, which or that. It comes right after that noun, starts with a relative pronoun and, like every subordinate clause, has the verb at the end. Commas go before and after it — in German always, unlike English.

The relative pronoun in two steps

  1. Gender and number come from the noun you are describing: der Kollege → masculine.
  2. The case comes from the pronoun's role inside the relative clause: is it the subject, the accusative or the dative object?
masculinefeminineneuterplural
nominativederdiedasdie
accusativedendiedasdie
dativedemderdemdenen
genitivedessenderendessenderen

The forms are almost those of the definite article. Only the dative plural (denen) and the genitive (dessen, deren) differ.

An example for step 2:

With a preposition

If a preposition belongs to it, it comes before the relative pronoun — never at the end of the clause as in English — and it decides the case:

was and wo

After alles, etwas, nichts, vieles and after a superlative, use was:

The same when the relative clause refers to a whole sentence: Er hat die Prüfung bestanden, was mich sehr freut. — which makes me very happy.

For places you can use wo: die Stadt, wo ich wohne — just as good as die Stadt, in der ich wohne.

Typical mistakes

Das ist der Kollege, der hilft mir immer. → …, der mir immer hilft. (verb to the end)

Die Leute, die ich mit ihnen arbeite, … → Die Leute, mit denen ich arbeite, …

Die Kinder, die Eltern arbeiten, … → Die Kinder, deren Eltern arbeiten, …

Das ist alles, das ich weiß. → Das ist alles, was ich weiß.

Exercise

Fill in the relative pronoun, with a preposition where needed. The answers are below.

Exercise

  1. Das ist der Kollege, ___ mir immer hilft.
  2. Das ist die Wohnung, ___ wir gekauft haben.
  3. Wie heißt der Mann, ___ du das Buch gegeben hast?
  4. Die Kinder, ___ Eltern arbeiten, essen in der Schule.
  5. Das ist die Firma, bei ___ ich ein Praktikum gemacht habe.
  6. Die Freunde, mit ___ ich in den Urlaub fahre, kommen aus Graz.
  7. Alles, ___ du brauchst, findest du im Supermarkt.
  8. Das ist das Buch, von ___ ich dir erzählt habe.
Show the answers
  1. der — subject, masculine
  2. die — accusative, feminine
  3. dem — give something to someone: dative
  4. deren — their parents: genitive plural
  5. der — bei + dative, feminine
  6. denen — mit + dative plural
  7. was — after alles
  8. dem — von + dative, neuter

And in the exam?

Relative clauses show examiners that you can build more complex sentences — a good sign at B1 and almost an expectation at B2. In Schreiben they describe people, flats, courses; in Lesen you need to understand them quickly to know who did what. One or two clean relative clauses per text are worth more than five faulty ones.

In the Rilke app relative clauses come at B1 (nominative, accusative, dative) and at C1 (wer, was, wo(r)- and the genitive).

Practise in the exam format

Tasks as in the exam, marked against the exam's own criteria — in your browser or in the app. Grammar, vocabulary, reading and listening are free.

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